{
  "source": "Kestrel Private — verified residence & citizenship-by-investment facts",
  "canonical": "https://kestrelprivate.com",
  "generated": "2026-07-31",
  "sourceUpdated": "2026-06-08",
  "note": "Indicative, verified to official primary sources; confirm with licensed local professionals before relying. Please cite kestrelprivate.com.",
  "facts": [
    {
      "id": "cyprus-schengen-accession",
      "jurisdiction": "Cyprus",
      "category": "schengen",
      "statement": "Cyprus is an EU member but not yet in the Schengen Area; accession requires a unanimous EU Council vote and has no confirmed date (technically ready, EU-backed). A Cyprus residence permit does not confer Schengen short-stay travel until accession.",
      "value": "EU member; NOT yet Schengen; no confirmed accession date (Nov/Dec 2026 JHA Council speculated, not official)",
      "source": "https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries/cyprus_en",
      "authority": "European Union official country page — Cyprus (Schengen status section)",
      "status": "verified",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "cyprus-eu-member",
      "jurisdiction": "Cyprus",
      "category": "program_status",
      "statement": "Cyprus is a full member state of the European Union.",
      "value": "EU member since 1 May 2004 (euro since 2008)",
      "source": "https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries/cyprus_en",
      "authority": "European Union official country page — Cyprus",
      "status": "verified",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "cyprus-60-day-tax-residency",
      "jurisdiction": "Cyprus",
      "category": "tax",
      "statement": "Cyprus offers a 60-day tax-residency rule (since 2017) alongside the standard 183-day rule, subject to qualifying conditions.",
      "value": "60-day rule available (plus 183-day rule)",
      "source": "https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/cyprus/individual/residence",
      "authority": "Cyprus Income Tax Law amendment of 14 July 2017 (Article 2 'tax resident' definition) — reported via PwC Worldwide Tax Summaries (Cyprus, Residence)",
      "status": "verified",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "cyprus-no-inheritance-tax",
      "jurisdiction": "Cyprus",
      "category": "tax",
      "statement": "Cyprus levies no inheritance tax / estate duty (abolished 2000).",
      "value": "No inheritance tax",
      "source": "https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/cyprus/individual/other-taxes",
      "authority": "Abolition of Estate Duty — Law 74(I)/2000 / Estate Duty (Amending) provisions, repeal effective for deaths on/after 1 January 2000 (Official Gazette 2000)",
      "status": "uncertain",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "cyprus-reg62-threshold",
      "jurisdiction": "Cyprus",
      "category": "investment_threshold",
      "statement": "Reg 6(2) fast-track PR requires a minimum EUR 300,000 (plus VAT) investment in new-build residential property bought directly from the developer (resale excluded), paid in full from foreign-remitted funds before filing.",
      "value": "EUR 300,000 + VAT, new-build only",
      "source": "https://www.erotocritou.com/en/publications/fast-track-permanent-residence-permit-regulation-6-2/ppp-301/98/",
      "authority": "Aliens and Immigration Regulations, Regulation 6(2), revised criteria (Council of Ministers decision, May 2023), Criterion A — reported by Michael Kyprianou LLC",
      "status": "uncertain",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "cyprus-reg62-program-name-legal",
      "jurisdiction": "Cyprus",
      "category": "legal_basis",
      "statement": "The Cyprus fast-track PR programme is the Immigration Permit under Regulation 6(2) of the Aliens and Immigration Regulations (Category 6.2).",
      "value": "Regulation 6(2), Aliens & Immigration Regulations",
      "source": "https://www.gov.cy/mip-md/en/documents/companies-investors-permanent-residence-3/immigration-permits-for-investors/",
      "authority": "Civil Registry & Migration Department — Immigration Permit under Regulation 6(2) of the Aliens and Immigration Regulations (Category 6.2)",
      "status": "verified",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "cyprus-reg62-processing-time",
      "jurisdiction": "Cyprus",
      "category": "processing_time",
      "statement": "Reg 6(2) fast-track PR marketed examination target is ~2-3 months from a complete file; practical end-to-end can run longer.",
      "value": "~2-3 months (fast-track target)",
      "source": "https://koufettaslaw.com/permanent-residency-in-cyprus-category-6-2-the-complete-guide-for-investors-and-families/",
      "authority": "Civil Registry & Migration Department guideline — 'estimated time for examination ~2 months' (reported via Deloitte Cyprus)",
      "status": "uncertain",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "cyprus-reg62-family-eligibility",
      "jurisdiction": "Cyprus",
      "category": "residency_requirement",
      "statement": "Reg 6(2) includes spouse and children <18 automatically; unmarried 18-25 if financially dependent and in full-time higher education (+~EUR 10,000/yr income each); parents and parents-in-law excluded (since May 2023).",
      "value": "Spouse + children (auto <18; 18-25 student-dependent +EUR 10k/yr each); no parents/in-laws",
      "source": "https://www.llpolawfirm.com/2023/05/05/new-amendments-to-the-cyprus-permanent-residence-scheme-62/",
      "authority": "Aliens and Immigration Regulations, Reg 6(2) revised criteria (May 2023), dependants provisions — reported by Michael Kyprianou LLC",
      "status": "uncertain",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "cyprus-reg62-stay-requirement",
      "jurisdiction": "Cyprus",
      "category": "residency_requirement",
      "statement": "PR under Reg 6(2) requires visiting Cyprus at least once every two years to maintain status.",
      "value": "Visit once every 2 years",
      "source": "https://gk-lawfirm.com/practice-areas/immigration-law/cyprus-permanent-residency/",
      "authority": "Aliens and Immigration Regulations, Reg 6(2) — permit holder must not be absent from the Republic for more than two years (CRMD condition)",
      "status": "uncertain",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "cyprus-five-routes",
      "jurisdiction": "Cyprus",
      "category": "program_status",
      "statement": "Cyprus offers multiple residency routes; our copy states five (Reg 6.2, Category F, Category C, Yellow Slip, Pink Slip). An authoritative 2026 comparison counts six PR routes and treats Pink Slip as temporary.",
      "value": "~5-6 routes (count is presentational, not canonical)",
      "source": "https://koufettaslaw.com/cyprus-permanent-residency-all-routes-compared/",
      "authority": "Koufettas Law (route comparison); needs Cyprus Civil Registry & Migration confirmation",
      "status": "uncertain",
      "verified": null
    },
    {
      "id": "cyprus-vat-reduced-5pct",
      "jurisdiction": "Cyprus",
      "category": "tax",
      "statement": "5% reduced VAT applies to a qualifying primary residence on the first EUR 350,000 (first 130 m2) when total value <= EUR 475,000 and area <190 m2; excess at 19%; 10-yr owner-occupation with clawback; transitional relief to 31 Dec 2026.",
      "value": "5% on first EUR 350k (130 m2) if total <= EUR 475k & area <190 m2; else 19%",
      "source": "https://www.kyprianou.com/cyprus-vat-on-first-homes-legislative-reform-and-extension-of-transitional-relief-to-31-december-2026/",
      "authority": "VAT (Amending) Law 42(I)/2023 (Official Gazette 16 June 2023) — reported by Michael Kyprianou LLC",
      "status": "uncertain",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "cyprus-vat-standard-19pct",
      "jurisdiction": "Cyprus",
      "category": "tax",
      "statement": "Standard Cyprus VAT rate on property above the reduced caps (and on non-primary homes) is 19%.",
      "value": "19% standard VAT",
      "source": "https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/cyprus/individual/other-taxes",
      "authority": "PwC Worldwide Tax Summaries",
      "status": "current",
      "verified": null
    },
    {
      "id": "cyprus-stamp-duty-abolished",
      "jurisdiction": "Cyprus",
      "category": "tax",
      "statement": "Cyprus stamp duty abolished under Law 239(I)/2025, effective 1 Jan 2026; instruments executed on/after 1 Jan 2026 incur EUR 0; documents signed by a party on/before 31 Dec 2025 follow old rules.",
      "value": "Stamp duty EUR 0 from 1 Jan 2026 (Law 239(I)/2025)",
      "source": "https://kpmg.com/us/en/taxnewsflash/news/2026/01/tnf-cyprus-repeal-of-stamp-duty-laws.html",
      "authority": "Repeal of the Stamp Duties Laws of 1963 to 2025 — Law No. 239(I)/2025 (Official Gazette 31 December 2025)",
      "status": "verified",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "cyprus-legal-fees",
      "jurisdiction": "Cyprus",
      "category": "other",
      "statement": "Cyprus conveyancing/legal fees ~1% (range 1-1.5%, up to 2%) plus 19% VAT; minimum-fee floors apply at low values.",
      "value": "~1% legal + 19% VAT",
      "source": "https://www.cyprus-property-buyers.com/law/legal-fees.htm",
      "authority": "Cyprus Property Buyers (market reference)",
      "status": "current",
      "verified": null
    },
    {
      "id": "cyprus-gov-application-fee",
      "jurisdiction": "Cyprus",
      "category": "other",
      "statement": "Reg 6(2) government fees: EUR 500 application + EUR 70/person registration (+~EUR 70/person PR-card issuance).",
      "value": "EUR 500 flat + EUR 70/person",
      "source": "https://koufettaslaw.com/cyprus-permanent-residency-all-routes-compared/",
      "authority": "Civil Registry & Migration Department fee schedule for Reg 6(2) — EUR 500 application + EUR 70 per person",
      "status": "uncertain",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "cyprus-transfer-fees-newbuild",
      "jurisdiction": "Cyprus",
      "category": "tax",
      "statement": "No property transfer fees on new property where VAT is lawfully charged and paid (100% exemption); 50% reduction where no VAT.",
      "value": "EUR 0 transfer fees on new-build under VAT",
      "source": "https://www.zyprus.com/help/1266/what-new-policy-transfer-fees-cyprus-what-are-exceptions-abolishment-or-reduction",
      "authority": "Zyprus; cross-check Cyprus Dept of Lands & Surveys",
      "status": "current",
      "verified": null
    },
    {
      "id": "cyprus-income-requirement",
      "jurisdiction": "Cyprus",
      "category": "residency_requirement",
      "statement": "Reg 6(2) secured income to demonstrate: EUR 50,000 base + EUR 15,000 spouse + EUR 10,000 per child (real-estate route income must originate abroad).",
      "value": "EUR 50,000 + EUR 15,000 spouse + EUR 10,000/child",
      "source": "https://www.kyprianou.com/new-revised-criteria-for-granting-immigration-permits-to-investors-under-reg-6-2-of-the-aliens-and-immigration-regulations/",
      "authority": "Aliens and Immigration Regulations, Reg 6(2) revised criteria (May 2023), income provisions — reported by Michael Kyprianou LLC",
      "status": "verified",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "cyprus-health-insurance-annual",
      "jurisdiction": "Cyprus",
      "category": "insurance_min",
      "statement": "Indicative annual private health-insurance premium ~EUR 300/person (price estimate, not statutory; distinct from the ~EUR 20,000 minimum coverage requirement).",
      "value": "~EUR 300/person/yr (premium estimate)",
      "source": "https://immigrantinvest.com/blog/cyprus-insurance/",
      "authority": "Immigrant Invest (market estimate)",
      "status": "current",
      "verified": null
    },
    {
      "id": "cyprus-health-cover-minimum",
      "jurisdiction": "Cyprus",
      "category": "insurance_min",
      "statement": "Cyprus residency requires health-insurance coverage of approximately EUR 20,000 per person.",
      "value": "~EUR 20,000/person coverage minimum",
      "source": "https://immigrantinvest.com/blog/cyprus-insurance/",
      "authority": "Civil Registry & Migration Department — Reg 6(2) requires a 'Medical Insurance Certificate covering inpatient and outpatient care' (no fixed euro coverage amount stated)",
      "status": "uncertain",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "cyprus-document-language",
      "jurisdiction": "Cyprus",
      "category": "other",
      "statement": "Cyprus accepts documents in Greek or English; other languages need certified/sworn translation.",
      "value": "Greek or English accepted",
      "source": "https://www.erotocritou.com/en/publications/fast-track-permanent-residence-permit-regulation-6-2/ppp-301/98/",
      "authority": "A.G. Erotocritou LLC",
      "status": "current",
      "verified": null
    },
    {
      "id": "cyprus-cip-discontinued",
      "jurisdiction": "Cyprus",
      "category": "program_status",
      "statement": "Cyprus Investment Programme (citizenship) abolished 1 Nov 2020 (Council 13 Oct 2020); residual Cabinet discretion to grant citizenship repealed by Parliament 4 Dec 2025. No citizenship-by-investment exists; citizenship only by naturalisation (~7 yrs).",
      "value": "CBI discontinued (since 1 Nov 2020; Cabinet discretion repealed 4 Dec 2025)",
      "source": "https://cyprus-mail.com/2025/12/04/cyprus-end-cabinet-power-to-grant-golden-passports",
      "authority": "Council of Ministers decision (CIP abolition 1 Nov 2020) and House of Representatives vote of 4 December 2025 repealing Cabinet discretion to grant citizenship",
      "status": "verified",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "cyprus-pr-loss-conditions",
      "jurisdiction": "Cyprus",
      "category": "residency_requirement",
      "statement": "PR can be lost if the holder fails to visit Cyprus once every two years, disposes of the qualifying investment without replacement, or is absent from the EU for more than one continuous year.",
      "value": "Lost on: no 2-yr visit / investment disposal / >1yr continuous EU absence",
      "source": "https://www.llpolawfirm.com/2023/05/05/new-amendments-to-the-cyprus-permanent-residence-scheme-62/",
      "authority": "Aliens and Immigration Regulations, Reg 6(2) cancellation conditions — CRMD",
      "status": "uncertain",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "greece-schengen-member",
      "jurisdiction": "Greece",
      "category": "schengen",
      "statement": "Greece is a full Schengen member; a Greek residence permit carries visa-free Schengen travel from day one.",
      "value": "Full Schengen member; visa-free from day one",
      "source": "https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/policies/schengen-borders-and-visa/schengen-area_en",
      "authority": "European Commission, DG Home Affairs — Schengen Area page (29 countries: 25 EU + Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, Liechtenstein)",
      "status": "verified",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "greece-gv250-conversion-restoration",
      "jurisdiction": "Greece",
      "category": "investment_threshold",
      "statement": "Greece Golden Visa EUR 250,000 tier covers conversion of commercial property to residential use, or restoration of a listed building, regardless of location or size.",
      "value": "EUR 250,000 (conversion/restoration)",
      "source": "https://en.mitos.gov.gr/index.php/%CE%94%CE%94:Permanent_golden_visa_(change_of_use)_%E2%80%93_Initial_issuance",
      "authority": "Greek Govt National Registry of Administrative Public Services (mitos.gov.gr) — 'Permanent golden visa (change of use) – Initial issuance' AND 'Golden visa programme (investment in a listed real property) – Initial issuance'; statutory basis Art.100 Law 5038/2023 as amended by Art.64 Law 5100/2024",
      "status": "verified",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "greece-gv400-standard-120sqm",
      "jurisdiction": "Greece",
      "category": "investment_threshold",
      "statement": "Greece Golden Visa EUR 400,000 tier requires a single residential property of at least 120 m2 in standard areas; 5-year renewable residency for the family.",
      "value": "EUR 400,000, single property >=120 m2, standard areas",
      "source": "https://www.wfw.com/articles/understanding-the-new-golden-visa-law-%CE%BD%CE%BF-5100-2024-key-points-and-implications/",
      "authority": "Art.100 Law 5038/2023 as amended by Art.64 Law 5100/2024 (Gov. Gazette A' 49/05-04-2024); analysed by Watson Farley & Williams and Zepos & Yannopoulos",
      "status": "verified",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "greece-gv800-prime",
      "jurisdiction": "Greece",
      "category": "investment_threshold",
      "statement": "Greece Golden Visa EUR 800,000 tier applies to one single residential property of at least 120 m2 located in the entire Region of Attica (all of Attica, not only Athens/Athens centre), the Regional Unit of Thessaloniki, Mykonos, Santorini, or any other Greek island with more than 3,100 inhabitants. All other areas of Greece fall under the EUR 400,000 tier.",
      "value": "EUR 800,000 — entire Region of Attica, Thessaloniki, Mykonos, Santorini, islands >3,100 pop (single >=120 m2); EUR 400,000 elsewhere",
      "source": "https://www.wfw.com/articles/understanding-the-new-golden-visa-law-%CE%BD%CE%BF-5100-2024-key-points-and-implications/",
      "authority": "Art.100 Law 5038/2023 as amended by Art.64 Law 5100/2024; analysed by Watson Farley & Williams (and EY Immigration Alert, Apr 2024)",
      "status": "verified",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "greece-gv-5yr-no-stay",
      "jurisdiction": "Greece",
      "category": "residency_requirement",
      "statement": "Greek Golden Visa is a 5-year renewable residency with no minimum physical-stay requirement; renewed every 5 years while the investment is held.",
      "value": "5-yr renewable; no minimum stay",
      "source": "https://en.mitos.gov.gr/index.php/%CE%94%CE%94:Permanent_golden_visa_(change_of_use)_%E2%80%93_Initial_issuance",
      "authority": "Greek Govt mitos.gov.gr golden-visa procedure pages ('Validity duration: 5 years', renewable); Art.100 Law 5038/2023",
      "status": "verified",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "greece-nondom-100k-flat",
      "jurisdiction": "Greece",
      "category": "tax",
      "statement": "Greek non-dom regime fixes tax at a flat EUR 100,000/yr on worldwide non-Greek income for new tax residents.",
      "value": "EUR 100,000/yr flat on foreign income",
      "source": "https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/greece/individual/other-tax-credits-and-incentives",
      "authority": "Art.5A Greek Income Tax Code (Law 4172/2013); PwC Worldwide Tax Summaries — Greece, Other tax credits and incentives",
      "status": "verified",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "greece-nondom-20k-per-member",
      "jurisdiction": "Greece",
      "category": "tax",
      "statement": "Greek non-dom regime adds EUR 20,000 per included/additional family member on top of the EUR 100,000 flat tax.",
      "value": "+EUR 20,000 per family member",
      "source": "https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/greece/individual/other-tax-credits-and-incentives",
      "authority": "Art.5A(8) Greek Income Tax Code; PwC Worldwide Tax Summaries — Greece",
      "status": "verified",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "greece-nondom-500k-3yr",
      "jurisdiction": "Greece",
      "category": "investment_threshold",
      "statement": "Greek non-dom regime requires a qualifying investment of at least EUR 500,000 in Greece within three years.",
      "value": "EUR 500,000 within 3 years",
      "source": "https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/greece/individual/other-tax-credits-and-incentives",
      "authority": "Art.5A(1)(b) Greek Income Tax Code; PwC Worldwide Tax Summaries — Greece",
      "status": "verified",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "greece-nondom-7of8-history",
      "jurisdiction": "Greece",
      "category": "tax",
      "statement": "Greek non-dom regime requires the applicant was not a Greek tax resident in seven of the prior eight years.",
      "value": "Not Greek tax-resident in 7 of prior 8 years",
      "source": "https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/greece/individual/other-tax-credits-and-incentives",
      "authority": "Art.5A(1)(a) Greek Income Tax Code; PwC Worldwide Tax Summaries — Greece",
      "status": "verified",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "greece-nondom-15yr-duration",
      "jurisdiction": "Greece",
      "category": "tax",
      "statement": "Greek non-dom regime runs for up to 15 years.",
      "value": "Up to 15 years",
      "source": "https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/greece/individual/other-tax-credits-and-incentives",
      "authority": "Art.5A Greek Income Tax Code; PwC Worldwide Tax Summaries — Greece",
      "status": "verified",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "greece-gv-family-eligibility",
      "jurisdiction": "Greece",
      "category": "residency_requirement",
      "statement": "Greek GV family inclusion: spouse, children under 21 (renewable to 24 if unmarried and in full-time study), and parents of both applicant and spouse.",
      "value": "Spouse, children <21 (to 24 if student), both sets of parents",
      "source": "https://www.enterprisegreece.gov.gr/en/invest-in-greece/golden-visa",
      "authority": "Art.100 Law 5038/2023 (family-reunification provisions); EY Greece Immigration Alert (Apr 2024) and Iason Skouzos TaxLaw table of permitted investments (arts 99-100A)",
      "status": "uncertain",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "greece-processing-time",
      "jurisdiction": "Greece",
      "category": "processing_time",
      "statement": "Greek Golden Visa indicative processing ~4-9 months end-to-end (permits ~10-16 weeks in calculator timeline).",
      "value": "~4-9 months",
      "source": "https://www.enterprisegreece.gov.gr/en/invest-in-greece/golden-visa",
      "authority": "Enterprise Greece (indicative); market practitioners",
      "status": "current",
      "verified": null
    },
    {
      "id": "greece-transfer-tax",
      "jurisdiction": "Greece",
      "category": "tax",
      "statement": "Greek property transfer tax modelled at 3.09%.",
      "value": "3.09% transfer tax",
      "source": "https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/greece/corporate/other-taxes",
      "authority": "Real Estate Transfer Tax Law (Law 1587/1950 as amended); PwC Worldwide Tax Summaries — Greece, Corporate Other taxes",
      "status": "verified",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "greece-notary-registry",
      "jurisdiction": "Greece",
      "category": "other",
      "statement": "Greek notary (~1.2%) plus land registry (~0.5%) total ~1.7% of property value.",
      "value": "~1.7% (notary ~1.2% + registry ~0.5%)",
      "source": "https://www.enterprisegreece.gov.gr/en/invest-in-greece/golden-visa",
      "authority": "Market reference; confirm vs Greek notarial fee schedule",
      "status": "uncertain",
      "verified": null
    },
    {
      "id": "greece-legal-fees-vat",
      "jurisdiction": "Greece",
      "category": "tax",
      "statement": "Greek legal fees modelled at ~1.2% with 24% VAT on the legal fee.",
      "value": "~1.2% legal + 24% VAT",
      "source": "https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/greece/corporate/other-taxes",
      "authority": "PwC (Greek VAT rate); market reference for fee %",
      "status": "current",
      "verified": null
    },
    {
      "id": "greece-gv-application-fee",
      "jurisdiction": "Greece",
      "category": "other",
      "statement": "Greek GV application fee modelled at EUR 2,000 main applicant + EUR 150/dependent (indicative).",
      "value": "EUR 2,000 main + EUR 150/dependent",
      "source": "https://www.enterprisegreece.gov.gr/en/invest-in-greece/golden-visa",
      "authority": "Greek Ministry of Migration fee schedule (confirm)",
      "status": "uncertain",
      "verified": null
    },
    {
      "id": "greece-health-insurance-annual",
      "jurisdiction": "Greece",
      "category": "insurance_min",
      "statement": "Greece annual health insurance modelled at ~EUR 350/person; minimum cover Schengen-style ~EUR 30,000.",
      "value": "~EUR 350/person/yr (premium); ~EUR 30k cover minimum",
      "source": "https://www.enterprisegreece.gov.gr/en/invest-in-greece/golden-visa",
      "authority": "Market estimate; confirm cover minimum vs ministry",
      "status": "current",
      "verified": null
    },
    {
      "id": "greece-police-clearance-validity",
      "jurisdiction": "Greece",
      "category": "other",
      "statement": "Greek GV police-clearance certificate validity window — sources conflict between 3 and 6 months.",
      "value": "3 or 6 months (CONFLICTING)",
      "source": "https://www.enterprisegreece.gov.gr/en/invest-in-greece/golden-visa",
      "authority": "Conflicting practitioner sources; needs Greek counsel/ministry confirmation",
      "status": "uncertain",
      "verified": null
    },
    {
      "id": "mauritius-not-eu-schengen",
      "jurisdiction": "Mauritius",
      "category": "schengen",
      "statement": "Mauritius is outside the EU and Schengen Area; a Mauritian residence permit is not a travel document for other countries.",
      "value": "Outside EU/Schengen; permit not a travel document",
      "source": "https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries_en",
      "authority": "European Union official site — EU member countries list (27 member states); Schengen acquis is EU law and Mauritius is not party to it",
      "status": "verified",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "mauritius-residence-threshold-375k",
      "jurisdiction": "Mauritius",
      "category": "investment_threshold",
      "statement": "A qualifying residence of at least USD 375,000 in an approved scheme (PDS/IRS/RES/Smart City) grants a residence permit to buyer and dependants, valid while the property is held.",
      "value": "USD 375,000 (PDS/IRS/RES/Smart City)",
      "source": "https://edbmauritius.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Guidelines-for-IRS-RES-PDS-1.pdf",
      "authority": "EDB Mauritius official 'Guidelines for Acquisition of Residential Properties by Non-Citizens (IRS/RES/PDS)', s.5.0 Residency, para 1 and para 5",
      "status": "verified",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "mauritius-residence-program-names",
      "jurisdiction": "Mauritius",
      "category": "program_status",
      "statement": "Approved property schemes for residence are PDS, IRS, RES and Smart City; applications filed with the EDB.",
      "value": "PDS / IRS / RES / Smart City; filed with EDB",
      "source": "https://edbmauritius.org/",
      "authority": "Economic Development Board (EDB) Mauritius",
      "status": "uncertain",
      "verified": null
    },
    {
      "id": "mauritius-processing-time",
      "jurisdiction": "Mauritius",
      "category": "processing_time",
      "statement": "Mauritius property-based residence indicative processing ~3-6 months.",
      "value": "~3-6 months",
      "source": "https://edbmauritius.org/",
      "authority": "EDB Mauritius (confirm)",
      "status": "uncertain",
      "verified": null
    },
    {
      "id": "mauritius-ground-plus-2-apartment",
      "jurisdiction": "Mauritius",
      "category": "investment_threshold",
      "statement": "A foreigner can buy any apartment in a building of at least two floors above ground from MUR 6,000,000 (~USD 147,000), but a residence permit still requires a qualifying USD 375,000+ acquisition.",
      "value": "Ground+2 from MUR 6,000,000 (~USD 147,000); no residence below USD 375k",
      "source": "https://edbmauritius.org/",
      "authority": "EDB Mauritius (confirm)",
      "status": "uncertain",
      "verified": null
    },
    {
      "id": "mauritius-occupation-permit-investor",
      "jurisdiction": "Mauritius",
      "category": "investment_threshold",
      "statement": "Occupation Permit (Investor) is a 10-year live-and-work permit from a USD 50,000 investment into a Mauritian company, with a route to a 20-year Permanent Residence Permit.",
      "value": "USD 50,000; 10-yr permit; route to 20-yr PRP",
      "source": "https://passport.govmu.org/passport/?page_id=626",
      "authority": "Passport & Immigration Office (passport.govmu.org), Occupation Permit page — Investor category 'maximum period of ten years, renewable'; EDB official news confirms USD 50,000 minimum initial investment",
      "status": "verified",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "mauritius-permanent-residence-20yr",
      "jurisdiction": "Mauritius",
      "category": "residency_requirement",
      "statement": "The Mauritius Permanent Residence Permit is a 20-year permit for qualifying investors, property owners and retirees.",
      "value": "20-year permit",
      "source": "https://passport.govmu.org/passport/?page_id=626",
      "authority": "Passport & Immigration Office (passport.govmu.org) Occupation Permit/PRP page — Permanent Residence Permit is a 20-year permit; corroborated by Finance Act 2025 Part IV criteria",
      "status": "verified",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "mauritius-retired-non-citizen-50",
      "jurisdiction": "Mauritius",
      "category": "investment_threshold",
      "statement": "Retired non-citizen (10-year residence permit): minimum transfer of USD 2,000 per month (aggregate USD 24,000 per year) to a Mauritian account under the 2025 Finance Act; pre-2025 permit holders are grandfathered at the previous USD 1,500 per month (USD 18,000 per year). Route to a 20-year permanent residence permit after 3 years.",
      "value": "USD 2,000/month (USD 24,000/yr); 10-year permit",
      "source": "https://mauritiusassembly.govmu.org/mauritiusassembly/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/18_THE-FINANCE-ACT-2025-.pdf",
      "authority": "Finance Act 2025 (Act No. 18 of 2025), Part III — Criteria for Residence Permit, 'Retired non-citizen': (a) initial USD 2,000 within 60 days; (b) thereafter USD 24,000 annually or USD 2,000 per month",
      "status": "verified",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "mauritius-no-cgt-inheritance-wealth",
      "jurisdiction": "Mauritius",
      "category": "tax",
      "statement": "Mauritius levies no capital gains tax, no inheritance/estate tax and no wealth tax; foreign income taxed only when remitted.",
      "value": "No CGT / inheritance / wealth tax; foreign income on remittance",
      "source": "https://www.mra.mu/individuals/foreign-income",
      "authority": "Mauritius Revenue Authority (foreign income page, remittance basis) + PwC Worldwide Tax Summaries (Mauritius, Individual — Other taxes & Income determination, reviewed 15 Jun 2026)",
      "status": "verified",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "mauritius-income-tax-20pct-top",
      "jurisdiction": "Mauritius",
      "category": "tax",
      "statement": "Mauritius personal income tax is progressive to a 20% top rate; a temporary 15% Fair Share Contribution applies to income above MUR 12m.",
      "value": "20% top rate (+15% Fair Share Contribution above MUR 12m)",
      "source": "https://mauritiusassembly.govmu.org/mauritiusassembly/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/18_THE-FINANCE-ACT-2025-.pdf",
      "authority": "Finance Act 2025 (Act No.18 of 2025) s.16C Fair Share Contribution (15% above MUR 12m, temporary) + PwC Worldwide Tax Summaries individual rate table (top 20%, effective 1 Jul 2025)",
      "status": "verified",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "mauritius-registration-duty-5-to-10",
      "jurisdiction": "Mauritius",
      "category": "tax",
      "statement": "Registration/land transfer duty for non-citizens under EDB schemes is 5% before 1 Jul 2026 and 10% from 1 Jul 2026 (Finance Act 2025).",
      "value": "5% before 1 Jul 2026; 10% from 1 Jul 2026",
      "source": "https://mauritiusassembly.govmu.org/mauritiusassembly/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/18_THE-FINANCE-ACT-2025-.pdf",
      "authority": "Finance Act 2025 (Act No.18 of 2025) amendments to Land (Duties and Taxes) Act / Registration Duty Act; per KPMG FA2025 Tax Alert Issue 95 s.3 (registration duty & land transfer tax 5%→10% on deeds registered on/after 1 Jul 2026)",
      "status": "verified",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "mauritius-tax-residency-days",
      "jurisdiction": "Mauritius",
      "category": "tax",
      "statement": "A person becomes Mauritian tax resident at 183 days in a tax year, or 270 days across three years.",
      "value": "183 days/yr or 270 days/3yrs",
      "source": "https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/mauritius/individual/residence",
      "authority": "Income Tax Act 1995 s.73 definition of 'resident' (individual present 183 days in income year, or 270 days in the income year and the two preceding income years); OECD CRS tax-residency profile for Mauritius; PwC WTS Residence page",
      "status": "verified",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "mauritius-health-insurance-annual",
      "jurisdiction": "Mauritius",
      "category": "insurance_min",
      "statement": "Mauritius private health cover modelled at ~USD 500/person/yr (indicative).",
      "value": "~USD 500/person/yr (estimate)",
      "source": "https://edbmauritius.org/",
      "authority": "Market estimate",
      "status": "uncertain",
      "verified": null
    },
    {
      "id": "apostille-hague-membership",
      "jurisdiction": "global",
      "category": "apostille",
      "statement": "Cyprus, Greece and Mauritius are all parties to the Hague Apostille Convention; documents are legalised by apostille rather than full consular legalisation.",
      "value": "Cyprus, Greece, Mauritius = Apostille (Hague) members",
      "source": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=41",
      "authority": "HCCH Status Table, Convention of 5 October 1961 Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents (Apostille Convention, HCCH Convention No. 12)",
      "status": "verified",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "insurance-min-cover-multi",
      "jurisdiction": "EU",
      "category": "insurance_min",
      "statement": "Minimum health-insurance cover by programme: Cyprus ~EUR 20,000; Latvia EUR 42,600; Greece/Portugal ~EUR 30,000 (Schengen-style); Malta now all-risks comprehensive equal to Maltese public healthcare (NOT a fixed EUR 30,000).",
      "value": "Latvia: EUR 42,600 (CORRECT — confirmed by PMLP). Greece: NOT ~EUR 30,000 — MD 53821/2014 sets component minimums of EUR 15,000/yr disability + EUR 1,500/yr medical+pharma + EUR 10,000/yr hospitalisation (insured co-pay capped 20%, no deductible). Malta: NOT merely 'all-risks comprehensive' — since 1 Aug 2024 (SL 35.28) a minimum EUR 100,000 policy is required for non-EU 'new and still abroad' employment/family applicants (EU-national self-sufficiency still requires comprehensive sickness insurance/S1). Portugal: ~EUR 30,000 is the Schengen SHORT-STAY travel-insurance minimum (EU Visa Code Art. 15), NOT a residence-permit aggregate; the AIMA/residence stage requires comprehensive private cover with no single statutory figure. Cyprus: no government source supports ~EUR 20,000 — Cyprus uses a standardised 'Plan A' immigration policy (broker-stated indicative limits ~EUR 1,700 outpatient + EUR 8,544 hospitalisation/yr), figure unverifiable against a primary source.",
      "source": "https://www.pmlp.gov.lv/en/insurance-policy",
      "authority": "Latvia: PMLP (Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs), 'Insurance policy' page, EUR 42,600 minimum. Greece: Ministerial Decision 53821/2014 (Gov. Gazette 2962/B/04-11-2014), component minimums. Malta: Identità (Identity Malta), 'New Healthcare Insurance Requirements', SL 35.28 Healthcare (Fees) Regs, EUR 100,000. Portugal: MFA visa portal (vistos.mne.gov.pt), Schengen short-stay travel-medical-insurance EUR 30,000 (EU Visa Code Reg. 810/2009 Art. 15). Cyprus: no primary source supports the stated figure.",
      "status": "corrected",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "police-clearance-validity-multi",
      "jurisdiction": "global",
      "category": "other",
      "statement": "Police/criminal-record certificate validity by programme: Cyprus ~6 months; Portugal ~90 days (3 months); Greece conflicting (3 vs 6 months); Latvia/Malta/Mauritius ~6 months commonly cited but not all officially confirmed.",
      "value": "CY 6mo; PT 90d; GR 3-or-6mo (conflict); LV/MT/MU ~6mo (unconfirmed)",
      "source": "https://www.lawyersincyprus.com/category-62-permanent-residency-in-cyprus/",
      "authority": "Cyprus/Portugal confirmed via firms; Greece/others need official confirmation",
      "status": "uncertain",
      "verified": null
    },
    {
      "id": "passport-validity-convention",
      "jurisdiction": "global",
      "category": "other",
      "statement": "Passport must remain valid through the application and permit life; a buffer of ~1 year is typical. The specific 'Cyprus prefers 2+ years' is an agent convention, not a published statutory rule.",
      "value": "Validity through process + ~1yr buffer (Cyprus 2yr = convention only)",
      "source": "https://www.erotocritou.com/en/publications/fast-track-permanent-residence-permit-regulation-6-2/ppp-301/98/",
      "authority": "Practitioner convention; no official source for the 2-year preference",
      "status": "uncertain",
      "verified": null
    },
    {
      "id": "income-evidence-five-programs",
      "jurisdiction": "EU",
      "category": "residency_requirement",
      "statement": "Secured-income/funds evidence is required for Cyprus PR, Greece GV, Latvia RE, Malta MPRP and Portugal GV (mechanism differs by programme).",
      "value": "Income/funds evidence required across all five programmes",
      "source": "https://www.erotocritou.com/en/publications/fast-track-permanent-residence-permit-regulation-6-2/ppp-301/98/",
      "authority": "Per-programme firm sources; confirm each official requirement",
      "status": "current",
      "verified": null
    },
    {
      "id": "cyprus-visa-free-count",
      "jurisdiction": "Cyprus",
      "category": "mobility",
      "statement": "Cyprus passport visa-free/visa-on-arrival destination count (relevant only to naturalised citizens, not PR holders).",
      "value": "UNVERIFIED in this pass — track per latest passport-power index",
      "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Cypriot_citizens",
      "authority": "Indicative — cross-checked across destination-government visa policies + public visa-requirement aggregators.",
      "status": "uncertain",
      "verified": "2026-06-08"
    },
    {
      "id": "greece-visa-free-count",
      "jurisdiction": "Greece",
      "category": "mobility",
      "statement": "Greece passport visa-free/visa-on-arrival destination count (relevant to naturalised citizens).",
      "value": "UNVERIFIED in this pass — track per latest passport-power index",
      "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Greek_citizens",
      "authority": "Indicative — cross-checked across destination-government visa policies + public visa-requirement aggregators.",
      "status": "uncertain",
      "verified": "2026-06-08"
    },
    {
      "id": "mauritius-visa-free-count",
      "jurisdiction": "Mauritius",
      "category": "mobility",
      "statement": "Mauritius passport visa-free/visa-on-arrival destination count (relevant to the later-naturalisation narrative).",
      "value": "UNVERIFIED in this pass — track per latest passport-power index",
      "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Mauritian_citizens",
      "authority": "Indicative — cross-checked across destination-government visa policies + public visa-requirement aggregators.",
      "status": "uncertain",
      "verified": "2026-06-08"
    },
    {
      "id": "mobility-data-source-authority",
      "jurisdiction": "global",
      "category": "mobility",
      "statement": "Authoritative source for visa-free/mobility counts",
      "value": "DECISION (Andrew, 2026-06-08): NOT licensing IATA Timatic. Visa-free counts stay INDICATIVE; EU/Schengen membership (primary EU source) is the anchored mobility fact. EU focus = Cyprus + Greece are the core; Mauritius is the deliberate non-EU option.",
      "source": "https://www.iata.org/en/services/compliance/timatic/",
      "authority": "IATA Timatic (commercial, the industry-standard primary aggregator)",
      "status": "current",
      "verified": null
    },
    {
      "id": "cyprus-category-f",
      "jurisdiction": "Cyprus",
      "category": "legal_basis",
      "statement": "Cyprus also offers the regular Category F permanent-residence route (financially independent persons), separate from the fast-track Regulation 6(2). Category F has no strict property-purchase requirement, permits resale property, requires a lower secured annual income (around EUR 30,000), but is slower (typically 12-24 months) versus the 2-3 month fast-track.",
      "value": "Category F: flexible / resale permitted, ~EUR 30,000 income, 12-24 months (vs fast-track Reg 6(2))",
      "source": "https://euromanagement.biz/cyprus-permanent-residency.html",
      "authority": "Aliens and Immigration Regulations, Regulation 5 (Category F — financially independent persons)",
      "status": "uncertain",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "cyprus-reg62-family",
      "jurisdiction": "Cyprus",
      "category": "residency_requirement",
      "statement": "Reg 6(2) covers the main applicant, spouse and minor children. Adult children 18-25 may be included if unmarried, financially dependent and studying abroad; financially independent adult children require a multiple of the EUR 300,000 investment (e.g. ~EUR 600,000 to add one independent adult child). The route requires a minimum secured annual income of about EUR 50,000, increased by ~EUR 15,000 for a spouse and ~EUR 10,000 per child. PR can lapse if the holder does not visit Cyprus at least once every two years.",
      "value": "spouse + minor children; adult 18-25 dependent students includable; independent adult child = +~EUR 300k each; income ~EUR 50k +15k spouse +10k/child; visit at least once / 2 years",
      "source": "https://www.mondaq.com/cyprus/general-immigration/1770630/cyprus-permanent-residency-under-regulation-62-category-62-a-comprehensive-legal-guide",
      "authority": "Cyprus legal guides on Reg 6(2); confirm vs Civil Registry & Migration Dept",
      "status": "current",
      "verified": "2026-06-20"
    },
    {
      "id": "greece-gv-short-let-ban",
      "jurisdiction": "Greece",
      "category": "other",
      "statement": "Under the post-2024 Greece Golden Visa rules, properties used to qualify for the residence permit may NOT be let on a short-term basis (e.g. Airbnb). Long-term leasing is permitted (subject to tenancy law, lease registration and income declaration). Breach can mean permit cancellation and an administrative fine of up to EUR 50,000.",
      "value": "Short-term/Airbnb letting of GV qualifying property PROHIBITED; long-term leasing allowed; fine up to EUR 50,000",
      "source": "https://www.zeya.com/newsletters/greek-golden-visa-regime-conditions-qualifying-property-investments-become-stricter",
      "authority": "Art.100 para.7A Law 5038/2023, added by Art.64 Law 5100/2024 (Gov. Gazette A' 49/05-04-2024); Zepos & Yannopoulos and Watson Farley & Williams analyses",
      "status": "verified",
      "verified": "2026-06-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "malta-citizenship-by-merit",
      "jurisdiction": "Malta",
      "category": "citizenship",
      "statement": "Malta's investor-citizenship route (MEIN/ESDI) was ended following CJEU Case C-181/23 (29 April 2025). Maltese law now provides for citizenship by merit (Granting of Citizenship for Exceptional Services (Amendment) Regulations, LN 159 of 2025, amending S.L. 188.06): a discretionary naturalisation for exceptional contributions to the national interest, decided case by case by the Maltese authorities and never guaranteed. It is not a purchase and carries no tariff; in practice it concerns persons prepared to support projects of genuine national importance. For most families, EU residence by investment remains the established, far lower-cost route to a European future.",
      "value": "discretionary naturalisation; case-by-case; never guaranteed; no published tariff",
      "source": "https://komunita.gov.mt/2026/02/05/malta-citizenship-by-merit/",
      "authority": "Aġenzija Komunità Malta (Community Malta Agency) — Malta Citizenship by Merit; LN 159 of 2025 (legislation.mt)",
      "status": "verified",
      "verified": "2026-07-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "austria-citizenship-by-merit",
      "jurisdiction": "Austria",
      "category": "citizenship",
      "statement": "Austria confers citizenship for extraordinary achievement under §10(6) of the Citizenship Act (Staatsbürgerschaftsgesetz 1985): a discretionary grant by the Federal Government (Council of Ministers) where a person's exceptional achievements — in the economy, science, the arts or sport — are, and are expected to remain, in the special interest of the Republic. There is no published tariff and it is not a programme: decisions are case by case, never guaranteed, with roughly 30–60 grants a year. Recipients are exempt from the renunciation requirement (dual citizenship permitted) and from the German-language test. For most families, EU residence by investment remains the established, far lower-cost route to a European future.",
      "value": "discretionary (Council of Ministers); case-by-case; never guaranteed; no published tariff; ~30–60 grants/yr; dual citizenship permitted",
      "source": "https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10005579",
      "authority": "Staatsbürgerschaftsgesetz 1985 §10(6) — RIS, the Austrian federal legal information system",
      "status": "verified",
      "verified": "2026-07-10"
    }
  ]
}